Genetics

Cancer Genetics

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• Genetic mutations and cancer
• Hereditary cancer syndrome
• Genetic test results
• Clinical DNA sequencing
• Genetic mutations and cancer

Cancer is a genetic disease - that is, some changes in genes have cancer, which control our work, especially how they grow and split. These changes include mutations in DNA that make our genes .

If genetic changes are due to our children, if changes are present in germ cells, there are changes in the body of reproduction cells (eggs and sperm), which are called graneline changes, are found in every cell of the offspring

Due to cancer, genetic changes can also be achieved during one's lifetime, which occurs during the life of a person or as a result of substances with exposure, such as tobacco smoke and radiation in certain chemicals, such as sunlight from ultraviolet rays , This damage DNA

The genetic changes that occur after the creation can not be done by the number of cells in the body

In general, cancer cells have more genetic changes compared to normal cells. But there is a unique combination of genetic mutation in every individual's cancer. Some of these changes can be the result of cancer. There will be additional changes. Even in the same tumor, there are various genetic changes in cancer cells.

Hereditary cancer syndrome

Hereditary genetic mutations play a major role in approximately 5 to 10 percent of all cancers. Researchers have associated mutations with more than 50 genetic cancer syndromes in specific genes, which are disorders that can have greater effect on individuals to develop some cancers.

Genetic testing can tell that a person from a family who shows symptoms of such a syndrome is one of these changes. These tests can also show that members of the family without any obvious illness have mutated mutations associated with cancer as a mutation member. (For more information, see this overview of genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndrome.)

Many experts suggest that genetic testing can be considered for cancer risk, when a person has a personal or family history that suggests the status of the risk of cancer in a heritage, as long as the results of the examination are adequate Can be interpreted in terms of (i.e., they can clearly tell that a particular genetic change is present or absent) and when the result is ace Provide information that will help guide the future of medical care a person.

Cancer inherited are not caused by genetic mutations, can sometimes "run in families." For example, shared environment or lifestyle, such as use of tobacco, can cause to develop a common cancer among family members. However, some patterns in the family such as the development of cancer, other non-cancerous conditions, which is seen, and the age at which cancer develops can suggest the presence of a hereditary cancer syndrome.

Even if there is a pre-cancerous mutation in a family, then every person who has mutated will not have to develop cancer. Many factors affect the outcome of a given person with mutation, including patterns of succession of cancer syndrome.

These are examples of genes that can play a role in hereditary cancer syndrome.

• The most mutated gene in all cancers is TP53, which produces the protein that suppresses tumor growth. Apart from this, mutation of the germline in this gene can lead to Li-Fermani syndrome, a rare, heritable disorder that leads to a higher risk of developing some cancers.
• Mutated mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, which is due to the increase in the life of breast and ovarian cancer in women. Many other cancers are associated with this syndrome, including pancreatic and prostate cancer, as well as male breast cancer.
• Another genome that produces tumor suppressor protein is PTEN. Mutations in this gene are related to Cowden syndrome, a legacy disorder that increases the risk of breast, thyroid, endometrial and other types of cancer.

Genetic cancer syndrome can see genetic testing for more genes playing a role in genetic cancer syndrome.

Genetic test results

Genetic testing is usually requested by a person's physician or other health care provider. Genetic counseling can help people to influence the benefits and limitations of genetic testing in their special circumstances.

He results of genetic tests can be positive, negative or uncertain. Is a genetic counselor physician or other health care professional a person or family trained in genetics can help you understand their test results. These professionals can also help in the interpretation of contingency findings that a test can be generated as a genetic risk factor for such a disease which is not related to the administration of the test. And they can clarify the implications of the test results for other family members.

The results of the medical examination are usually included in a person's medical records, especially if a doctor or other health care provider has ordered the examination or consulted the results of the test, so considering people's genetic testing should that their results can be known to other people or organizations who have their medical records, such as their insurance companies Legal is legal access to material or employer, if their employer offers benefits as health insurance patient

However, there are legal protections to prevent genetic discrimination. Genetic information is a federal law of the Indemnity Act 2008, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of genetic information in determining the eligibility or rate of health insurance and the suitability of employment. In addition, because it is considered a person's genetic information to health information, it is covered by the Health Information Portability and Privacy Rules Accountability Act 1996.

Clinical DNA sequencing

Until recently the most hereditary test for cancer focuses on testing for the successor mutation of the person. But, as more efficient and inexpensive DNA sequencing technology has become the achievement of an individual's entire genome, or the DNA of a person's tumor is becoming more common.

Clinical dna sequencing can be useful in detecting many genetic mutations at one time. Targeted many gene panels test for many successor mutations or somatic mutations at the same time. These panels can include different genes and can be tailored to individual tumor types. Data for the analysis of targeted gene panels is limited and only contains known genes which make interpretation more broader than broader perspectives that evaluate the entire genome or tumor genome or its critical parts. Many gene panel tests are becoming more common in genetic testing for genetic cancer syndrome.

Tumor sectioning can detect the physical mutation, which can lead to the development of specific cancers. It can also help doctors who can do the best work against a particular tumor. For example patients whose lung tumors monkey some mutations, they can benefit from medicines that target these special changes.

Testing tumor DNA can reveal a mutation that has not been previously found in the tumor type. But if that mutation occurs in other tumor types and a targeted therapy is developed for this change, the treatment may also be effective in the "new" tumor type.

Tumor sequencing can also identify geranium mutations. In fact, in some cases genetic testing of tumors has shown that a patient's cancer can be linked to genetic cancer syndrome, so that the family did not know about it.

Patients need to consider due to diagnostic DNA sequencing, as well as tests of specific mutations in genetic cancer syndrome. For example, they can learn about the presence of germline mutation in an infected form, which may cause other diseases in them or their family members.